A person living with the AIDS virus once had no hope of growing old. But within the next eight years, more than half of all Americans with the disease are likely to be over 50.
Rayford Kytle, in other words, could soon be a typical person living with HIV.
At 65, he is a gay man who has been HIV positive for more than 30 years. He exercises regularly, watches what he eats and doesn't smoke. But he's also had to have both hips replaced. And every 18 months, a surgeon gives him injections to compensate for fat loss in his face, he said, "so I don't look like a walking skull."
The hip surgeries are related to his disease. The injections, which cost about $1,500, are fillers to counteract the facial wasting that is a side effect of the early, more toxic anti-HIV drugs.
The HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States is often perceived as something that mostly affects young adults. But nearly 11 percent of the 50,000 new infections each year are in people 50 or older. The federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that this group makes up 33 percent of all people living with HIV - a percentage that will jump to over 50 percent by 2020.
As HIV-infected adults live longer, they are increasingly affected by such chronic illnesses as heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease and osteoporosis, common problems among many older people.
But studies suggest that those with HIV may be at higher risk for some of those illnesses and may get them earlier than usual.
HIV causes the immune system to fight the virus, and that inflammatory state continuously damages organs, even when antiretroviral medications are taken, researchers said. HIV-infected people are more likely to have hepatitis C or hepatitis B and much more likely to smoke than the general population.
Living longer
People with HIV are living into their 50s, 60s and beyond because of highly effective antiretroviral therapies that became widely used in the mid-1990s. At the same time, experts say, some people over 50 are engaging in sexual behaviors that put them at high risk for contracting the AIDS virus, resulting in new infections.
Some older Americans have a poor understanding of their risk and don't use condoms. Doctors also don't do as good a job collecting sexual histories of patients 50 and older because they view them as lower risk and fear angering or insulting them, according to a recent study in the American Journal of Public Health.
The challenges of managing as well as preventing HIV among older Americans were a major theme at the 19th International AIDS Conference this week, which closes Friday with a speech by Bill Clinton.
Researchers are trying to tease out the connections among the physiological burdens of aging with HIV: How much can be traced to the drugs, how much is the actual virus stimulating the immune system, how much is the virus' impact when the person was first infected?
Someone like Kytle, who works and has private health insurance, is far better off than a 55-year-old man who has the virus and hepatitis C, high blood pressure and depression, is overweight and experiencing erectile dysfunction - and lacks health insurance. For doctors, the tendency might be to treat the person for each of the conditions.
'HIV and 50+'
Older Americans living with HIV drew plenty of attention at the conference.
Organizers for the session "HIV and 50+" turned away dozens of people after the 1,000 seats were filled. When panelists asked for a show of hands of those over 50, most of the hands shot up, including Kytle's.
Kytle grew up in the South and moved to Washington, D.C., in 1980. He figures he was infected before 1979 but only knew for sure he had the virus in 1984, when tests became available.
"I was one of the first people to be tested," he said.
The early experimental drugs helped save his life. But they also led to a cascade of side effects. In addition to the hip surgery and facial injections, he also battles depression, a side effect from an earlier drug.
Until about seven or eight years ago, his entire focus was staying alive, or trying to keep his partners alive. One died in 1986, the second in 2002. Then he was treated with the better, newer drugs. The virus has been undetectable in his bloodstream for four or five years.
And his outlook has changed.
"I stopped worrying about dying. I was able to think about other things. I felt relaxed enough to do that," he said. He's reading, something he hadn't had the time or energy to do.
Like other older Americans, he is facing his own mortality.
"It scares me," he said. "I want to make the best use of my time to be as good a person as I can be."
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